Survey and analysis on reproductive health of 14 614 female workers / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reproductive health status of female workers,so as to provide reference for establishing prevention measures to protect the reproductive health of female workers. METHODS: Using the cross-sectional investigation method,14 614 female workers were selected and investigated by Reproductive Health Survey Questionnaire.Workers were from 7 provinces in different industries( including medical and health, petrochemical engineering,metallurgy,railway,machine manufacturing,electronic and shoemaking,and so on). The investigation was from June to August of 2015. RESULTS: The proportion of female workers with a long time sitting position at work accounted for 48. 68%( 7 114 /14 614),and the proportion of female workers with regular change of sitting positions accounted for 23. 45%( 3 427 /14 614). There were 40. 84%( 5 968 /14 614) of female workers who were exposed to harmful occupational factors at work. The abnormal rate of reproductive health,the rate of menstrual abnormalities and the infertility rate in female workers were 18. 29%( 1 633 /8 930),28. 14%( 4 113 /14 614) and 24. 26%( 1 834 /7 559),respectively. In the 7 industries,the abnormal rate of reproductive health and the infertility rate among the female workers of the railway industry were the highest( P < 0. 01),while the rate of menstrual abnormalities among the female workers of the electronic industry was the highest( P < 0. 01). Among the 4 kind of working posture,the abnormal rate of reproductive health,the rate of menstrual abnormalities and the infertility rate among the female workers with a long time standing position at work was the highest( P < 0. 01). The above 3 indexes of the female workers who were exposed to harmful occupational factors at work were higher than those of the ones who were not( P < 0. 01). CONCLUSION: The reproductive health status of female workers is not optimistic. The occupational health protection should be strengthened and regular gynecological examination should be given to female workers during child-bearing period,so as to improve their reproductive health status.

A study on the application of foreign occupational health and safety checklist in assessing the occupational health intervention effects / 预防医学

Objective Study the intervention effects occupational HS (health and safety)checklist of the comprehensive intervention effects on colored textile manufacture.Methods Combined the application of occupational disease hazard control effect assessment and HS checklist to intervene and assessment a colored textile manufacture,and then compare the intervention effects.Results The qualified rate of checklist has been increased from 31.25% to 79.17% after intervention.The qualified rate of main contents of occupational health intervention (monitoring occupational disease health risk factors,protecting facilities for occupational disease,facilities for emergency rescue,construction of hygiene,work -related welfare facilities,occupational health surveillance,occupational health management,chemical management, employee participation and suppliers security) also has been significantly improved (P <0.05 ).Furthermore,the unqualified rates of dust concentration in workplace descreased from 83.33% to 16.67%.Conclusion The application of occupational disease hazard control effect assessment combined with HS checklist improved intervention effect and this technique could be spread.

Establishment of occupational exposure limit for warfarin in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

This study aims to establish the occupational exposure limit (OEL) in the air for workplace of warfarin based on the available toxicological studies and field investigations by using questionnaire and air monitoring. The clinical therapeutic dose was used as lowest observed effect level (LOEL), and no observed effect level (NOEL) was achieved by using a safety factor. The highest concentration of warfarin monitored in the worksite of centrifuge washing, drying and packing were 0.029 mg/m3, 0.051 mg/m3 respectively, which did not exceed the OEL 0.1 mg/m3 recommended by NIOSH and ACGIH. Considering its feasibility for enforcement and protection for workers, we recommend OEL 0.1 mg/m3 of warfarin in China.

Analysis of risk factors for dry eye syndrome in visual display terminal workers / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the risk factors for dry eye syndrome in visual display terminal (VDT) workers and to provide a scientific basis for protecting the eye health of VDT workers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Questionnaire survey, Schirmer I test, tear break-up time test, and workshop microenvironment evaluation were performed in 185 VDT workers. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk factors for dry eye syndrome in VDT workers after adjustment for confounding factors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the logistic regression model, the regression coefficients of daily mean time of exposure to screen, daily mean time of watching TV, parallel screen-eye angle, upward screen-eye angle, eye-screen distance of less than 20 cm, irregular breaks during screen-exposed work, age, and female gender on the results of Schirmer I test were 0.153, 0.548, 0.400, 0.796, 0.234, 0.516, 0.559, and -0.685, respectively; the regression coefficients of daily mean time of exposure to screen, parallel screen-eye angle, upward screen-eye angle, age, working years, and female gender on tear break-up time were 0.021, 0.625, 2.652, 0.749, 0.403, and 1.481, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Daily mean time of exposure to screen, daily mean time of watching TV, parallel screen-eye angle, upward screen-eye angle, eye-screen distance of less than 20 cm, irregular breaks during screen-exposed work, age, and working years are risk factors for dry eye syndrome in VDT workers.</p>

Method for determining brodifacoum in workplace air by high-performance liquid chromatography / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a method for determining brodifacoum in workplace air by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Brodifacoum in workplace air was collected with a polytetrafluoroethylene filter and desorbed by mixed solution of methanol and dichloromethane (20:80, V:V), and was then separated using an ODS column and determined by an ultraviolet detector; retention time was used for identification, and peak area was used for quantification.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The concentration of brodifacoum showed a linear relationship with peak area within 0.2∼10.0 µg/ml; the elution efficiency was 91.6%∼95.1%; the detection limit was 0.08 µg/ml (injection volume: 20 µl eluate); the minimum detectable concentration was 0.000 67 mg/m(3) (calculated by 240 L air sample).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This HPLC method is convenient and simple for air collection and sample preparation and meets the methodological requirements. Therefore, this method can be used for the determination of brodifacoum in workplace air.</p>

The prevalence and influencing factors of eye diseases for IT industry video operation workers / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the situation of video-contact and eye diseases for IT industry video operation workers, and to analyze the influencing factors, providing scientific evidence for the make of health-strategy for IT industry video operation workers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We take the random cluster sampling method to choose 190 IT industry video operation workers in a city of Jiangsu province, analyzing the relations between video contact and eye diseases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The daily video contact time of IT industry video operation workers is 6.0-16.0 hours, whose mean value is (I 0.1 ± 1.8) hours. 79.5% of workers in this survey wear myopic lens, 35.8% of workers have a rest during their working, and 14.2% of IT workers use protective products when they feel unwell of their eyes. Following the BUT experiment, 54.7% of IT workers have the normal examine results of hinoculus, while 45.3% have the abnormal results of at least one eye. Simultaneously, 54.7% workers have the normal examine results of hinoculus in the SIT experiment, however, 42.1% workers are abnormal. According to the broad linear model, there are six influencing factors (daily mean time to video, distance between eye and displayer, the frequency of rest, whether to use protective products when they feel unwell of their eyes, the type of dis player and daily time watching TV.) have significant influence on vision, having statistical significance. At the same time, there are also six influencing factors (whether have a rest regularly,sex, the situation of diaphaneity for cornea, the shape of pupil, family history and whether to use protective products when they feel unwell of their eyes.) have significant influence on the results of BUT experiment,having statistical significance. However, there are seven influencing factors (the type of computer, sex, the shape of pupil, the situation of diaphaneity for cornea, the angle between displayer and workers' sight, the type of displayer and the height of operating floor.) have significant influence on the results of SIT experiment,having statistical significance.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The health-situation of IT industry video operation workers' eye is not optimistic, most of workers are lack of protection awareness; we need to strengthen propaganda and education according to its influencing factors and to improve the level of medical control and prevention for eye diseases in relevant industries.</p>

Determination of brodifacoum in rat plasma by HPLC / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>A determination method of brodifacoum in rat plasma with bromadiolone as an internal standard was developed.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A volume of 10 microl internal standard (bromadiolone) was added into rat plasma, and then extracted by 0.5 ml of acetonitrile by shaking for 2 min. The residue was dissolved with 200 microl of mobile phase after centrifugation for 10 min, and evaporation to dryness by Nitrogen blowing. A C18 column and PDA detector were used for separating and detecting. The wavelength was 254 nm, the flow rate was 1.0 ml/min, and the injection volume was 20 microl.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The liner range was 1.0-20 microg/ml, and the correlation coefficient was 0.9992. The detection limit was 0.3 microg/ml in plasma (S/N=3). The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 1.89%-2.45% and 2.51%-3.61% respectively. The recoveries in plasma at levels of low, middle and high concentrations were (80.8 +/- 3.1)%, (81.8 +/- 2.7)% and (87.9 +/- 3.6)% (n=6), respectively. The accuracies were 84.1%-91.5% and 86.7%-93.2%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This method is simple, fast and accurate for the determination of brodifacoum in rat plasma.</p>

Occupational health status of migrant female workers of artificial gem manufacturing cottages in Guangxi / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate occupational health status in migrant female workers in artificial gem cottages in Guangxi and to provide reference evidence for drawing up countermeasures to protect migrant female workers from occupational hazards.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two thousands and ninety five migrant female workers in artificial gem manufacturing cottages in Wuzhou City, Guangxi Province, were randomly recruited to participate in the investigation. The standardized occupational health questionnaires were used to collect the information of demographic characteristics, occupational exposure and medical symptoms by interviewing with persons.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Artificial gem manufacturing cottages in Wuzhou were mainly composed of family-workshops. There were only simple and crude hygienic facilities. Major occupational hazards included dusts, noise, vibration, hydrofluoric acid, and light stimulation. The mean age of workers was 30. Mean exposure duration was 5 years. There was no occupational health monitoring records for these workers in the past years. Major symptoms included back pain, eye discomfort, and headache. The incidence of discomfort symptoms increased with age.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Occupational health protection and monitoring in artificial gem manufacturing cottage, in Guangxi have not been performed. More effective occupational health education and administration need to implement in family-type handicraft manufacturing.</p>

Investigation of occupational health status of female workers in pharmaceutical industry of Shandong and Gansu provinces / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate occupational health status of female workers in pharmaceutical industries and to propose the protective measures for the occupational health.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>A total of 2816 female workers from 19 pharmaceutical industries in Shandong and Gansu provinces were investigated by a questionnaire.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>73.1% of female workers exposed to occupational hazards, mainly to toxic chemicals. 63.2% of them suffered from dysmenorrhea; 38.5% of them have reproductive system diseases, i.e. mammary gland hyperplasia (44.1%), cervical erosion (26.5%), uterine annex inflammation (24.2%); 17.1% of them suffered from accidental work injuries; 34.7% of them complained about low back pain, and 29.7% of them perceived hearing loss. 94.9% of female workers hoped to get the occupational health and labor protection knowledge and skills.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Strengthening the supervision of labor protection for female workers, including technical measures occupational hazards control and health-related knowledge, and improving the occupational health status of female workers should be conducted.</p>

Analysis on reproductive health status and influencing factors of female workers of pharmaceutical industry in Gansu province / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the reproductive health status of female workers in pharmaceutical industry of Gansu Province, to explore influencing factors, and to propose some reference basis of intervening measures.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The cluster sampling method was used to study 1801 female workers from 16 pharmaceutical industries in 6 cities (Pingliang, Qingyang, Lanzhou, Dingxi, Zhangye and Jiuquan cities) of Gansu Province. The investigation was performed by interviewing and adopting questionnaires.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were the problems of labor and organization, which included the overtime work, continuous work, standing for long periods, rapid monotonous action assignments, the loading work and a variety of harmful factors in the working environment of the pharmaceutical industry in Gansu Province. There were many problems in the reproductive health status of female workers. The morbidities of abnormal menstruation and breast diseases in female workers were 43.25% and 20.43%. The order of high morbidities was hyperplasia of mammary glands (91.30%), breast adenofibroma (5.43%) and mastitis (2.99%). The order of morbidities for three reproductive system disease was adnexitis (21.57%), cervical erosion (20.06%) and vaginitis (11.09%). The rates of abnormal menstrual cycle, abnormal menstrual amount and cervical erosion increased with the length of service (P < 0.01). The taking breaks, long standing, loading work, exposure to harmful factors were related to abnormal menstruation (P < 0.05). The rapid repeat monotonous action was an important influencing factor for female reproductive system disease (OR = 1.255, 95%CI = 1.031 ∼ 1.528).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There are relatively serious occupational hazards in the pharmaceutical industry of Gansu Province. The reproductive health status of female workers is not improved. Social public should pay attention to the protection for female workers.</p>

The status of occupational health of female migrant workers in traditional Chinese medicine, western medicine and bio-pharmaceutical industry in Gansu province / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the status of occupational health of female migrant workers in different kinds of pharmaceutical industries in Gansu province and to provide the basis for improving occupational health condition.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One thousand eight hundreds and one female workers from 16 enterprises were selected by cluster sampling in Gansu province and investigated by interviewing and questionnaires.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were statistical significances of education level, status of residency registrations, employment relationship and occupational hazards among female workers in three types of enterprises (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The morbidities of skin disease in female workers for three kinds of enterprises were 4.46%, 2.53% and 3.70%, respectively. The morbidities of reproductive system disease in female workers for three kinds of enterprises were 48.57%, 36.70% and 36.11%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The levels of education and working conditions of female workers in the traditional Chinese medicine, western medicine plants are low. There are more severe occupational hazards in female workers of the traditional Chinese medicine plants.</p>

The occupational and procreation health of immigrant female workers in electron factory / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the occupational and reproductive health problems of migrant female workers in electron factory.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total number of 2000 female migrant workers were randomly sampled from three electronic factories for the study. All were investigated by questionnaire and data were input to EpiData 3.0 data base, SPSS17.0 statistical software and analyzed by Chi-square test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>1971 complete questionnaires were received, the recovery rate reached over 98.6%. The average age of interviewees is (21.1 ± 3.9) years. Junior employee between 16 and 18 years accounted for 19.04%. The average working age was (1.1 ± 2.2) years and about 90% were single including 0.11% of them were divorced. The main occupational hazards were: sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, formaldehyde, hydrochloric acid, stannic anhydride, benzene analogues, n-hexane methanol, glycol isopropanol, sulphuric acid, nitric oxide, noise, ultraviolet radiation, etc. Workplace monitoring indicated that benzene and noise levels and ultraviolet radiation were over the national OEL at fewer worksites. More than 50% female workers worked over 8 hours per day and 83% of them worked 22 days per month. The ergonomic problems: 63.86% of them worked with tedious repetitiveness and monotonous job task. About 42% of them need to be continuously with standing posture. As a consequence, there were 30% workers complain about LBP, 21% had experienced work injury; 15% ∼ 18% had some non-specific discomfort, such as insomnia, dysacusis, dizzy and headache. The incidence rate of reproductive system such as abnormal menstrual cycle (5.71%), dysmenorrhea (25.11%), congestion (8.91%), etc. The first four reproductive system disease were pelvic inflammation, adnexitis, cervical erosion, and vaginitis. There are significant differences between continuous and temporary standing work, and repeated and unrepeated job action in terms of dysmenorrheal and congestion related-discomfort(P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There are many occupational hazards in electronic industry. And there is somewhat a serious occupational and reproductive health problems among female migrant workers, that seem to be a matter of great concern.</p>